Biggest Volcanic Eruption in History

It all depends on what you mean by â€Å"history.† While Homo sapiens have been able to accurately record scientific information for only a short amount of time, we do have the ability to estimate the size and explosive strength of historic and prehistoric volcanoes. In an attempt to answer the question, we’ll take a look at the largest eruptions in recorded, human and geologic history.   Mt. Tambora eruption (1815), Indonesia The biggest eruption since the rise of modern science would undoubtedly be  Tambora. After showing signs of life in 1812, the volcano erupted with such force in 1815 that its 13,000-plus feet peak was reduced to around 9,350 ft. By comparison, the eruption produced more than 150 times the amount of volcanic material than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. It registered as a 7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) scale Unfortunately, it was responsible for the biggest loss of life from volcanic eruption in human history, as ~10,000 people died directly from volcanic activity and more than 50,000 others died from post-eruption starvation and disease. This eruption was also responsible for a volcanic winter that lowered temperatures worldwide. Mount Toba eruption (74,000 years ago), Sumatra The really huge ones were long before written history. The largest since the rise of modern humans,  Homo sapiens, was the great eruption of Toba. It produced some 2800 cubic kilometers of ash, around 17 times that of the Mount Tambora eruption. It had a VEI of 8. Like the Tambora explosion, Toba probably produced a devastating volcanic winter. Scholars think that this may have decimated the early human population. The eruption lowered temperatures by 3 to 5 degrees Celsius for several years after. La Garita Caldera eruption (~28 million years ago), Colorado The largest eruption we have firm evidence for in  geologic history  is the La Garita Caldera eruption during the Oligocene Epoch. The eruption was so large that scientists recommended a 9.2 rating on the 8-point VEI scale. La Garita put 5000 cubic kilometers of volcanic material into play and was ~105 times more powerful than the largest nuclear weapon ever tested.   There might be larger ones, but the further back in time we go,  tectonic activity becomes increasingly responsible for the destruction of geologic evidence.   Honorable Mentions: Wah Wah Springs eruption (~30 million years ago), Utah/Nevada – While this eruption has been known about for some time, BYU geologists recently revealed that its deposit may be larger than the La Garita deposit. Huckleberry Ridge eruption  (2.1 million years ago), Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming – This was the largest of 3 major Yellowstone hotspot volcanoes, producing 2500 cubic kilometers of volcanic ash. It had a VEI of 8.   Oruanui eruption (~26,500 years ago) of Taupo Volcano, New Zealand  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this VEI 8 eruption is the largest to occur in the past 70,000 years. Taupo Volcano also produced a VEI 7 eruption around 180 AD. Millennium eruption  (~946 CE) of Tianchi (Paektu), China/North Korea – This VEI 7 eruption dropped nearly a meter of ash on the  Korean Peninsula. Mount St. Helens eruption (1980), Washington – While dwarfed in comparison to the rest of the eruptions on this list – for context, La Garita’s deposit was 5,000 times larger – this 1980 explosion reached a level 5 on the VEI and was the most destructive volcano to occur in the United States.

Hurricane Devastation Of The United States - 1034 Words

Hurricane Katrina struck the United States on August 29, 2005; it was the costliest and deadliest hurricane to ever hit the nation. It was one of the strongest to hit the coast in the last 100 years. Katrina caused as widespread of devastation along the Gulf Coast states and cities such as Mobile, AL, Gulfport, MS and the worst being New Orleans, LA. Although many people were prepared for the hurricane, no one would imagine the damage it would cause and the many lives it would take. Katrina started off as a tropical depression over the Bahamas on August 23rd and by the 25th it had made its way to southern Florida as a Category one. While passing through Florida, Katrina had weakened, however that all changed as soon as it was over water again. It re-intensified as it stalled beneath a very large upper-level anticyclone that dominated the entire Gulf of Mexico and became a Category five with winds blowing about 175 mph. Once again the storm weakened, this time to a Category three as i t made landfall on the Louisiana-Mississippi boarder but it still brought winds that ranged from 100-140 mph and stretched about 400 miles across. Prior to Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans had been flooded by hurricanes five times: 1915, 1940, 1947, 1965, and 1969. About half of the city of New Orleans lies above sea level, however, its average elevation is about six feet below sea level and is surrounded by water (History, 2009). The Army Corps of Engineers had constructed a system of leveesShow MoreRelatedThe Hurricane Devastation Of The United States933 Words   |  4 PagesThe massive hurricane that decimated large areas of the southeastern coast originated as a small category 1 hurricane. The state and federal government received lots of criticism for their minimal preparation and their ineffectual evacuation procedures. The storm shed light on the role of the government in natural disasters and its need for serious evaluation. During the first few hours of the storm, the Louisiana National Guard did not feel concerned about the approaching rainfall. Once membersRead MoreHurricanes : A Tropical Storm1373 Words   |  6 PagesHurricanes A hurricane is a low pressure system that is classified as a tropical storm with winds exceeding 74 mph. Hurricanes are found in the Atlantic Ocean; however, they are also found in other places but are classified under different names. In the northern Indian Ocean and in the Bay of Bengal these tropical storms are referred to as cyclones; yet, in the western Pacific Ocean these tropical storms are classified as typhoons. 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As rain started to fall in the city with a higher intensity than normal, people were reassured by Isaac’s beliefs. He was completely wrong. Galveston which is locatedRead MoreWeather Related Disasters Due to Climate Change Essay751 Words   |  4 Pagesdisaster is anything ranging from an earthquake to a tropical storm. Regardless of whether the natural disaster was indirectly caused by mankind, like those caused as a result of global warming, it has a huge impact on society. The impact on society, devastation, and economic damage paint a picture on how these natural disasters changed the lives of many. For example, in 2010, with one of the worst quake recorded in its country’s history, Haiti experienced a catastrophic earthquake. With a magnitude ofRead MoreHurricane Katrina: Analysis And Summary Of Articles1. .1567 Words   |  7 PagesHurricane Katrina: Analysis and Summary of Articles 1 Hurricane Katrina: Analysis and Summary of Articles Micheal Boor GO125DL Natural Disasters Park University Ms. Jill Lockard 09 April 2017 Hurricane Katrina: Analysis and Summary of Articles 2 Abstract The intent of this paper will be to analyze and summarize scholarly case studies and news articles concerning the flooding caused when Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Louisiana in 2005. Additionally, this paper will provideRead MoreEmergency Management Act Of 1934 Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesManagement Agency (FEMA). The FEMA Director would report to the President of the United States of America. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew struck the state of Florida, and FEMA was evidently not prepared to handle such an event. It was clear that FEMA’s partners at the State level were also not prepared to handle such an event. Across the United States, news stations were showing and documenting the failures of the State and FEMA. The domestic emergency response agency FEMA had failed and their capabilities

Sleep Deprivation Free Essays

Formal Informative Outline Sleeping Deprivation General Purpose: To inform. Specific purpose: Sleep is a precious gift that allows people to rest. Not getting enough rest on a constant basis can lead to greater problems, even death Organizational Pattern: Introduction I. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Deprivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blame It On the Light Bulb. College students and individuals around the world are suffering from a health problem that can be more detrimental to their health than some forms of cancer. What is it? Sleep Deprivation II. People are losing sleep daily, in such a fashion that most have trouble staying awake during work, driving, or even in class. III. I have learned a lot about sleeping disorders during the past three years being in college, and I did additional research for this speech. IV. Sleep deprivation is a serious medical situation that can harm your everyday life. Sleep disorders are a highly common medical issue that affects millions of Americans each year. Without adequate rest, the brain’s ability to function quickly deteriorates. Today I’m going to explain what sleep deprivation is, causes for the problem, how to remedy the problem, and how to test yourself to see if you suffer from sleep deprivation. Transition: let’s start with the nature of sleeping disorders. I will start with the definition of what a sleeping deprivation is) Body I. What is Sleep Deprivation? A. Sleep Deprivation (CancerWEB’s  Online Medical Dictionary) – the condition of being deprived of sleep either under experiment or under real life conditions, as distinguished from being unable to sleep. Sleep Depri vation can even effect acne development, and cause bad hair days. B. The Cold was thought to be one of the greatest inflictions among Americans, when it is actually drowsiness. (Stedman, â€Å"Tired of being, Tired†) a. 0 percent of American adults admit that their work suffers when they are sleepy. b. Even more so, College students suffer more than anyone with odd hours and periodic naps during the day. (Transition) Summary (In essence, Sleep deprivation is the simple lack of the required amount of sleep in order to function fully the following day. )(This lack has to be caused by something, but what? ) II. What aids in the accumulation of Sleep debt (Sleep Deprivation). (Good Housekeeping) A. Sleep Life is a factor 1. Disrupting associations with the bed and bedroom, diet troubles, and mental state all effect the ability to sleep a. Regular activities in the same room as you sleep in can disrupt and disturb sleeping patters such as working in the room, watching television, even sex. b. Remedies:  Ã‚  Before bed take a hot bath (temperature change causes drowsiness), eat light dinners and have snacks at least every three hours for maximum energy and minimum fatigue, Drink plenty of H20. Mental state is another factor, extreme boredom, and extreme stress can both prevent sleep as well as promote it. B. Natural Remedies  (Starbuck) 1. Chamomile-Provides soothing comfort from the aromatic smell, allows peace before falling asleep. When ingested in a caplet form it is a type of painkiller as well as sleep-inducers. 2. Hops-Yes, what they use to make beer. A mild sedative is used to treat insomnia in its herbal form. Like beer, it can have slight depression inducing effects. (Transition) Summary: (Sleep deprivation is obviously a complicated thing, with an even more complicated solution. ) (Transition)(How can you tell if you have sleep deprivation or a sleep  debt. ) III. If you are not getting enough sleep, it can lead to health problems. A. A Simple test can evaluate sleep  deprivation  (Test passed out, evaluate yourself afterwards. B. Health Problems resulting from sleep deprivation include 1. Decreased Immune System activity 2. Development of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 3. May be the start or result of a sleep disorder: i. Sleep Apnea-(Snoring and stopping of breathing during sleep) ii. Insomnia 4. Could be a sign of depression. C. Sleep Deprivation is one of the main causes for deaths of those who fall asleep at the wheel of a moving vehicle as well as those who slowly drift to sleep during a lecture in class. (Transition) (Sleep Deprivation is a compound entity with ties to many other forms of problems with one’s health. Conclusion I. Sleep Deprivation is condition that effects how well someone functions during the day, and can be caused by numerous ways. A self-test was administered so that everyone can evaluate how well one is sleeping, if you are having difficulty sleeping, evaluate your patterns to find a solution. II. (Last thought)  if you find yourself falling asleep during class, at the wheel, or unable to concentrate during the day, try to get more sleep; it just might save your life. Bibliography Books (Find 2 Book References) Articles Fahey, Valerie. How Sleep Deprived Are You? †Ã‚  Ã‚  Health. September 93, Vol. 7. Newman, Judith. â€Å"Yes,  It’s  Sleep. †Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health. March 2000. Vol  14 Issue 2. p 112. Starbuck, J. Jamison. â€Å"And, Now I Lay Me Down To Sleep. †Ã‚  Ã‚  Better Nutrition. Oct 98. Vol  60 Issue 10. p 52. Stedman, Nancy. â€Å"Tired of Being Tired? †Ã‚  Ã‚  Good Housekeeping. Aug 2000. Vol  231 Issue 2. p 74. Internet Sources (Find 1 more Internet Source) On-line Medical Dictionary. Academic Medical Publishing ; CancerWEB. â€Å"Sleep Deprevtation† 23 Sep. 2012. ;AHREF=http://www. graylab. ac. uk/omd/index. html;. 1997-98. How to cite Sleep Deprivation, Papers Sleep Deprivation Free Essays In today s busy lifestyle, the days are just not long enough to get everything done. Getting the correct amount of sleep is important to not only be healthy, but also to live safely, as may Americans may not know the severity of sleep deprivation. The human body requires sleep to regenerate, and a lack their of causes it to function abnormally. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep Deprivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now High school and college students generally need more sleep than adults, but on average sleep less than the 9 hours recommended. Time schedules and hectic life styles cause sleep deficiencies. What people may not know is how dangerous it can be to not get enough sleep. If you find yourself taping your eyelids open, and yawning all day, you may need to reschedule your time to get more sleep! The exact cause of sleep is still unknown to scientists, however many theories on how and why we sleep are in circulation. For example, sleep could be away to sort thoughts and memories or to give our immune system a chance to catch up. In addition sleep could be a way to prevent the brain from overheating, build neurons and our body to manufacture proteins. Further more, scientists believe that sleep is a way to restock depleted glucose levels that the brain needs to function. Most everyone has been caught a few times with bags under their eyes, but over time Americans have continued to push deprivation to the extreme. For example, students have more pressure on them to do well in school, as competition continues to rise for degrees ext. Staying up late to finish homework and study is common these days. In addition, hobbies and sports deprive young people the sleep they might need to become fully rested. Scholarships may be the only hope for some people to get an education past high school, and this demands early morning or late night practices and studying. Furthermore, social lives force most young adults to stay out late on weekends, and then sleep in Saturdays and Sunday mornings, throwing their sleeping patters off even more. Whether you are aware of it or not, sleep deprivation is dangerous. In a survey across America, 62% of the population admitted to driving drowsy, and 27 % further admitted to falling asleep behind the wheel at least once in the past year. As it only takes a split second to cause an accident, being a victim to a sleepy driver would not be an enjoyable experience. Not to mention that sleep deprived people are moody, filled with malaise, have poor concentration, and are susceptible to illnesses. Research has also shown that a sleep deficiency not only has a negative impact on work output, but also takes away from peoples will to perform the task hand. In addition, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that approximately 100,000 police-reported crashes annually (about 1. % of all crashes) involve drowsiness or fatigue as a principal factor in the accident. It s unfortunate to loose 1,500 people in the U. S. alone to a situation that can be easily avoided with such a simple function as sleep (4% of all traffic crash fatalities are sleep related). At least 71,000 people are injured in fall-asleep crashes each year. The NHTSA estimates these crashes represent $12. 5 billion each year. Furthermore, laws are being placed to prevent sleepy drivers from getting on the road. This is because deprivations mimics drunkenness, and slows down drivers reaction time to nothing in many cases. Although being ticketed for driving under an *exosted* state of mind would be a hassle and inconvenience, it would help to save lives. Good sleeping patterns not only promote a good health, but also prevent accidents from occurring. Sleeping properly and regularly, allows your brain to perform at maximum capacity. If at all possible scheduling time to get the most out of every day, including 8 to 9 hours of sleep is very important. If not for yourself, sleep properly to prevent the distress on others that may occur from an accident. You may not notice your mistake, but a death certificate leaves an erasable mark on families. How to cite Sleep Deprivation, Essay examples

Case Study Exelon Corporation Utilities- Free Essay Solutions

Question: Case Study "Exelon Corporation Utilities". Answer: Helping Exelon reduce costs every year by improving efficiency and sustainability. Background A key division of Exelon, one of the nations leading energy companies, faced a challenge common to many organizations today. It wanted to get more control over its extensive office infrastructure, reduce costs and be more environmentally responsible. In 2003, Exelon committed to a voluntary emissions reduction goal under the EPA Climate Leaders program. With the Exelon 2020 program that debuted in 2008, the Exelon family of companies charted a course to a lowcarbon future with an industry-leading plan to shrink its carbon footprint by more than 15 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions per year by 2020. The Challenge The division had more than 2,700 document devices from 35 manufacturers in its office environment. Arranging for service and supplies was time-consuming. And division leaders didnt have an easy way to calculate and control the total costs, since purchasing decisions were decentralized. Division leaders decided to address the situation so they could improve efficiency and reduce costs. But they realized they didnt have the in-house document management expertise to analyze the infrastructure and develop an effective optimization plan. So they called in experts from Xerox to conduct a thorough Office Document Assessment (ODA) based on Lean Six Sigma. It was the first step in the development of a long-term strategic partnership that would help Exelon realize substantial savings, improve its approach to sustainability and transform key business processes throughout the enterprise. Optimizing the office. Transforming business processes. Case Study Snapshot The Challenge Inefficientemployee-to-deviceratio Time-consumingbusinessprocesses Needforsustainabilityimprovements The Solution OfficeDocumentAssessmentbasedonLeanSixSigma Comprehensiveofficeoptimizationplan Networkedmultifunctionsystemswithadvancedscanningcapabilities Proactivemaintenance,serviceandsuppliesmanagement Businessprocesstransformationbasedondigitaldocumentworkflows Energyefficienttechnologyandgreenerdocumentpractices The Results 80%reductionindocumentdevices 48%reductioninenterprise-widecostperemployee 98%equipmentuptime Faster,moreefficientbusinessprocesses Substantialannualsavings 55tonsofGHGeliminated 727millionBTUsconserved Reducedpaperconsumption Optimizing the office. Transforming business processes The Solution We carefully analyzed the divisions need for document services and assessed all of the costs involved in equipment, service, support and supplies. The results of this analysis revealed a major opportunity for improvement. The overall employee-to-device ratio indicated inefficiency in the allocation of office equipment. In addition, some of the document devices in the office environment did not provide the advanced scanning capabilities required for highly efficient digital workflows. After a careful review of the ODA findings, we began working closely with the client to develop an effective optimization plan designed to reduce costs, improve efficiency and productivity, and lower the divisions impact on the environment. A key component of the plan involved the replacement of older, inefficient devices with state-of-the-art, networked multifunction systems. Following the successful implementation, we helped other Exelon divisions assess and optimize their office infrastru ctures. Then we provided comprehensive management services on an outsourced basis. These enterprisewide services covered equipment, end user support, and a proactive approach to on-site maintenance and supplies. We also developed a series of innovative solutions to improve key document-driven business processes in Accounts Payable, the legal department and other operational areas. The Results The initial optimization project reduced the total number of document devices in the divisions office environment by 80%. It also rationalized the number of models and manufacturers and improved the critical employee-to-device ratio to approximately 12:1. The efficiency gains helped the division save approximately 20% in the first year with additional savings coming from continuous year-over-year improvements. After the enterprise-wide rollout of the office optimization process, Exelon reduced its overall document services cost per employeeanother key Lean Six Sigma-based efficiency metric by 48%. With improvements in the quality of document devices, service and support, the client also increased equipment uptime to 98%. In addition, the enterprise-wide office optimization effort made an important contribution to Exelons ambitious corporate sustainability program. The installation of advanced multifunction systems equipped with scanning capabilities helped the company in crease the use of digital documents and reduce paper consumption. The widespread use of energy-efficient technology reduced greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Smart green office practices like duplex printing and toner cartridge recycling also helped the company lower its impact on the environment. Another process improvement for the heavily regulated nuclear division helped expedite the on-boarding of outside contractors, saving Exelon substantial dollars per year. About Xerox Services. Xerox Corporation is a world leader in business process, information technology and document outsourcing services. Our unique combination of industry expertise and global delivery capabilities helps you reduce costs, streamline operational processes and grow revenue while clearing the way for you to focus on what you do best: your real business. For more information on how we help energy and utility companies, visit www.xerox.com/utilities or call 1-800-ASK-XEROX.

Green Energy Brand Strategy

Literature review The global move towards changing the global automotive industry through the incorporation of the Electric Vehicles (EVs) has forced China to embrace new ways of advancing its automotive technology (Neve 2014). China is seeing the chance of developing the electric vehicles as a technological advancement that will place the nation on the global economic map.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Green Energy Brand Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, despite the government and the private companies instigating massive development plans that will lead to the growth of the electric vehicles, it is still unknown whether the EVs will be marketable in China or not. In a recent research, Marquis, Zhang, and Zhou (2013) discovered that although the electric vehicles are suitable for conserving petroleum, China is still seeing the idea of embracing the EVs technology as a limitation of its future growth, which lies on an intensive use coal-fired electricity. Apart from the political influence, the behaviours of the Chinese consumers are likely going to influence the marketing of the EVs. Consumer’s Behaviour Role of Marketing Communication in Consumer Behaviour Theory In the practice of marketing, Bowden (2009) postulates that designing a perfect communication channel that delivers the relevant product information to the clients, is imperative especially when dealing with the highly unpredictable consumers. One of the consumer behaviour theories that support the notion of strengthening the communication platforms is the theory of utility (Chevalier Dina 2006). The utility theory assumes that consumers are the ultimate decision-makers on the consumption of certain products, based on the perceptions of their available income resources and the perceived efficiency of the product. According to Croitor (2012), the economic utility theory considers consumers as rational de cision makers, who balance their purchasing power with a wide range of individual spending factors that influence their purchasing. In business management, Croitor (2012) reveals that utility consumers tend to consider utility factors such as need recognition, the available consumer information, the purchasing intention, the consumption efficiency, and finally the product end life.  The above consumption factors are the psychological aspects that build the decision-making platform for the consumers and determine the purchasing chances of the consumers. Hence, marketing communication brings the consumers into attention about the unknown benefits of the marketed product compared to the consumption factors that the consumers tend to consider before purchasing the new products (Su 2007). Communicating the needed product information during the marketing of a product enables the company to create an environment that supports the consumers to balance their personal, psychological, social , cultural, and economic factors that influence their abilities to purchase certain products (Su 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the perspective of the Chinese market, the Chinese trade battle with the Western Nations is affecting the perceptions of the Chinese E-car consumers. Since China is still transiting into a developed economy, most of the Chinese E-car consumers have developed negative attitudes towards the European E-cars (Su 2007). Therefore, communicating about the BMW i3 and i8 E-cars is essential in China. The Hierarchy of Effects Model The prevailing marketing and advertising literature links advertising effectiveness to the Hierarchy of Effects Model that believes in a pragmatic process that consumers psychologically have while making their purchasing decisions (Heyman Dan 2004). The hierarchy of needs model consists of nine major elements of the pre-purchasing process that develops gradually as consumers exposed to a new product. The nine elements of the hierarchy of effects model include; consumer’s attention, consumer’s interest, consumer’s search, consumer’s desire, consumer’s action, consumer’s like or dislike, consumer’s share, and finally consumer’s love or hate about a new product (Heyman Dan 2004). These aspects explain the reason why the marketers of a product must socialize, sensitize, communicate, and influence the consumers from their audience behaviour into making their autonomous purchasing decisions (Heyman Dan 2004). According to the hierarchy model, the marketing process starts with attracting the consumer’s attention through providing the relevant product information such as the brands, attributes, evaluations, and experiences.  Properly communicated product information normally raises the consumer’s interest (Fuller, Kurt Melanie 2 008). Once the consumers develop an interest in a newly produced product, they begin searching for the product and any further information associated with it (Piron 2000). Later, consumers develop the desire to make a purchase of the product and ultimately decide whether to purchase or leave the product, based on their perceptions and attitudes towards the product (like/dislike).  After deciding on whether to buy the product or not, consumers then share information and discuss the product with friends (Fuller et al. 2008). Consumers may finally hate or love the product. As for the Chinese E-car market, the majority of the consumers still consider the marketing of the European-manufactured E-cars in China, as a political and trade battle, rather than an agenda for promoting the use of efficient green technology E-cars. Cass and Choy (2008) believe that the Chinese E-car consumers are still uninformed and inexperienced about the E-cars. Consumer Proposition Acquisition Process Model Another significant model that can explain the need for a proper strategy for marketing the green technology cars in the uninformed and politically influenced Chinese E-market is the consumer acquisition model.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Green Energy Brand Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motive development– the consumer acquisition model postulates that the process of marketing a business product in a new market begins with setting up consumer prospects and making acquisitions, in a process known as motive development (Grazdane 2013). Information gathering– After a company has unveiled its product motive into a market, in a process known as information gathering, consumers seek the relevant information about the product (Grazdane 2013). Motive development and information gathering stages are cognitive processes that create knowledge and awareness among the consumers (Grazdane 2013). Product evaluation- the available market information about a product makes consumers evaluate the product and decide whether to purchase it or not. Product selection– After evaluating the product based on the available information, users either choose or reject the product.  Product evaluation and product selection are effective processes that allow consumers to feel, choose, or prefer an item. According to Payne (2013), the process of the consumer acquisition model ends up with two major stages namely the acquisition and re-evaluation processes. Product acquisition– this is a conative process that process in which a customer manages to make a finest purchasing decision that allows him or her to purchase a product and create an everlasting bond with the producer and the product (Payne 2013). Product re-evaluation– Product evaluation refers to the process by which a customer, after he or she makes an ultimate decision to purchase a product, begins to reassess the product at regular times. The customer proposition and acquisition model demonstrates how the consumer behaviour is complex in nature (Payne 2013). This model indicates that marketers must demonstrate a pragmatic marketing process that matches all the consumer stages. For instance, in marketing the BMW green cars such as BMW i3 and BMW i8. Influence factors on the E-car Purchasing Decision Making Process Researchers have identified five major factors that determine and influence the decision-making process of the E-car consumers (Pavlou Fygenson 2006). The E-cars are currently appearing as conspicuous tech products and not basic consumer tech products that individuals can acquire irrespective of their socioeconomic statuses (Pavlou Fygenson 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The five important factors include the efficiency or the perceived quality of the E-car, the economic capability of the consumers, the social statuses of the consumers, brand reputation, and cultural issues. In a study concerning the attitudes and purchasing behaviours of the Chinese luxury consumers, Zhang and Kim (2013) carried out an online qualitative survey on the Chinese luxury market. Using an online data-gathering website known as the Surveymonkey.com site, Zhang and Kim (2013) investigated the attitudes of the Chinese luxury consumers through an assessment of five key variables. The variables that the two researchers analysed included brand consciousness, materialism, fashion innovativeness, social comparison, and fashion involvement. Consumer Opinion leads to Consumer Attitude It is common that most of the modern consumers tend to rely on the experiences of other consumers to purchase or hire newly introduced goods or services (Phau Prendergast 2001). Consumers use inform ation from customer reviews that indicate certain experiences on the products, to decide whether they will or will not purchase certain products available in the market (Phau Prendergast 2001). In a study concerning the behaviours of the consumers towards new products, Wijaya (2012) analysed how the hierarchy of effects model develops in the process of advertising new products. According to Wijaya (2012, p. 81), â€Å"consumers evaluate product or service performance through their experience by comparing, what they expected, imagined, and convicted, with what they perceive they received from a particular supplier.† According to Rahman (2011), consumers use their experiences with the products or listen to the experiences of others in relation to the efficiency of the products, to make judgments on whether to purchase the products or not.  In their study, Zhang and Kim (2013) discovered that brand consciousness or brand reputation is a key aspect that influences the Chinese conspicuous consumers. The aspect of brand consciousness according to the two researchers originates from the Chinese cultural perception enshrined in the concept of face, or the mianzi. In China, something or someone must have the trait of social self-worthiness to remain valuable to other people (Lu Pras 2011). For a product to permeate the Chinese market, a good reputation is mandatory to convince the aspiring buyers in the new markets (Lu Pras 2011). Another aspect that influences the Chinese conspicuous buyers is materialism, where the idea of the consumer’s economic capability becomes a factor. In China, wealth defines the social status of individuals. According to Zhang and Kim (2013), materialism highly associates with the enrichment of social status and purchasing of an E-car or possessing visible wealth, may deem materialistic. From the study of Zhang and Kim (2013), another significant factor that influences the purchasing decisions of the luxury products such as the E-cars is the cultural beliefs of the individuals. In China, culture is a driving factor that contributes to the decision-making behaviours of the Chinese E-car buyers. The Chinese consumers are fond of comparing themselves to others in terms of their social statuses, as social recognition matters to many people (Arnold Thompson 2005). Therefore, the trends in the purchasing of the luxury products sometimes follow the route of social recognition and social status. In their study, Zhang and Kim (2013) also reviewed the cultural behaviours of the Chinese consumers and noticed that China remains dominated by the collectivist culture. Hung, Chan, and Tse (2011), reveal that due to the Chinese collectivist culture, consumers tend to imitate the lifestyle of their wealthy elites and consider this behaviour as a gateway for gaining social recognition. Rational and emotional driven Purchasing Process of an E-car Consumer purchasing behaviour is a diverse concept as it extends beyond t he social and economic factors that inspire buyers to purchase certain products (Lu Pras 2011). Some consumers may want to purchase a newly launched product due to their inherent emotional bond that with the products. Recent studies on the Asian culture have revealed that Chinese women make up the highest number of emotional buyers in the Asian automotive industry. In a study of the Chinese premium car industry, Sha, Huang, and Gabardi (2013) qualitatively examined the upward mobility in the purchasing of vehicles. Under the umbrella organization, McKinsey and Company, Sha et al. (2013) used statistical data from the Chinese transport sector to compare the upward mobility trends in the Chinese Premium Car Market. More than 26 percent of the surveyed Chinese buyers liked the electric cars, such as the BMW i3. However, most important in the research was the idea of emotional purchasing. In their research, Sha et al. (2013) discovered that majority of the consumers are purchasing prem ium cars based on their emotional attitudes. Therefore, premium car manufacturers are nowadays shifting their focus towards ensuring that green cars are reflecting the emotional needs of the E-car consumers. Their research also analysed more than 30 predefined emotional traits, but concentrated on only ten best traits.  In the research, one of the automakers used the Chinese traits based on the brand DNA that comprise of the finest personalities of dynamism, aspiration, and trendy styles. The other automakers used the traditional Chinese Confucian values such as the aspects of sophistication, reliability, quality, and heritage (Sha et al. 2013). In this survey, the researchers discovered that the premium car buyers, especially those enthused by the green technology cars, not only care about the purpose of their vehicles or their functional abilities, but also about their emotional attachment to their cars. Branding Strategy Definition of a Brand Branding is a strategic manufacturi ng process that acts as a primary function of advertising, through which a company tries to reach its target audience. A brand can also refer to the value in the mind of the consumer (Moisescu 2005). A brand may refer to a specific corporate product, designed through specific strategies, given a specific market name, and designed with specific features that distinguish it from other products within the company and outside the company (Midttun Witoszek 2015).  It is also the output of marketing communications, which producers must manage throughout the brand life cycle. Moreover, a brand is a set of attributes that have a meaning to the consumer and create associations with the product or service. In marketing, products tend to communicate to the consumer audience through their specific logos, their specific features, and their specific designs or their unique messages (Moisescu 2005). BMW has two important E-cars that come with the brand name, the BMW I Series. Consumer-based per spective on Brand Equity In trying to understand how a brand survives in a market, David A. Aaker designed the Brand Equity Model. The theorist defines brand equity as a marketing concept that describes a number of assets and liabilities that are associated with a certain brand. According to Aaker (1996), these assets and liabilities are inclusive of the names and the symbols that are potentially capable of adding some value to, or deducting value from a marketed product or service. In the Brand Equity Model, Aaker (1996), identifies five important components of the products or services that are capable of adding value or removing value from the products or services. According to Aaker (1996), the five components that he calls assets and liabilities add or deduct a product or service value. The components include brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, and other modest assets. In his theoretical perspective, Aaker believes that the five brand elements work independently but have mutual links. Aaker’s believes that companies can evaluate the customer’s brand loyalty of through decreased marketing costs, through a company’s timing towards reasonable threat, through a company’s efforts to attract new clients, and through a company’s leveraged trade (Moisescu 2005). In brand awareness, companies will understand customer’s awareness on a brand through assessing the customer’s anchored relationship with the brand, their familiarity with the brand, and their commitment to the brand (Aaker 1996). In perceived quality, companies will evaluate the goodness of a product by understanding the quality offered to the product, the levels of differentiation, the number of brand extensions, the price trends of the product, and its availability in the market outlets (Aaker 19996). In brand associations, companies will evaluate the associations created by brands through the consumer’s insights, the number of brand lines, and the levels of brand differentiation. In other priority assets, companies can evaluate the strength of their brands through assessing its patents, its propriety rights, and its intellectual property rights. Brand Perception The concept of brand perception dates back to the 18th century when marketers wanted to find the association between the product name and its subsequent market performance. According to Ghodeswar (2008), brand perception literally means the notion that each individual consumer has built concerning a certain product brand, or simply, the differential value that a product brand has in a niche market. Chinese consumers live in a collectivist culture, where numerous cultural and historical life aspects determine their consumption and purchasing behaviours on certain tech and non-tech products. In a study of the Chinese consumer behaviours, Shi, Wen and Fan (2012) conducted a research that dealt with the perceptions about the facial infl uence on the Chinese purchasing behaviours. Using a quantitative research survey approach, Shi et al. (2012) noticed that face (mianzi), which in a company can be a product brand image, is crucial in determining the purchasing decisions of the consumers. Brand Image Brand image is a concept that is almost similar to brand perception although the meanings of the two concepts and their applicability in the marketing research differ distinctively. According to Ghodeswar (2008 p. 5), â€Å"brand image is the perception in the mind of the customers about the brand and its associations.† In simplest terms, a brand image represents the whole idea of how the consumers in the public, perceive a product brand despite their varied intentions of the purchases on the products. A brand image, according to Ghodeswar (2008), should exist as a mutual bridge that establishes and strengthens the emotional relationship between the manufacturers and the consumers. In a recent study about brand im age, Sarwar, Azam, Haque, and Sleman (2013) analysed how a brand image affects the consumer’s perceptions about a product brand. Just like the fact that BMW i3 and BMW i8 are products of Germany, the researchers discovered that a German’s image might influence the Chinese buyers. The Value Drivers Model The Value Drivers Model is a pragmatic product development and marketing strategy that demonstrates how corporate sustainability leads to growth and success of a newly launched product (Moisescu 2005). The Value Drivers Model postulates that products must come with defined purposes, resonance, a proof of performance, and proof of a difference. Such features bring about a meaningfully different experience, where the aspects of credibility, performance strength, fundability, and extendibility, become valuable aspects that bring a considerable return on investment benefits (Moisescu 2005). For instance, the BMW i3 and the BMW i8 have a high operational efficiency that come s through reduced maintenance costs, a sizeable power consumption, and easy maintenance. In terms of cost-effectiveness, the two cars are low in energy, and use electric power that is easily available around the owner’s homes (Moisescu 2005). These features make the consumers feel comfortable to purchase these vehicles, and the car manufactures will eventually estimate their investments with their financial objectives. Goal of the Brand Strategy of the BMW Group In reviewing the consumer’s behaviours, most researchers have discovered that consumers have complicated traits when it comes to making purchasing decisions (Leo, Bennett Hartel 2005). In brand positioning, where designing a brand identity acts as the foremost idea in the whole process of corporate branding, consumers tend to seek information on why a company has created a brand strategy in their market. In their goal, the leader of Brand Strategies, Helmut Meysenburg postulates that, â€Å"pleasure is a key component of the BMW brand, in which sheer driving pleasure and sheer joy about the car and sheer delight about mobility are major facets† (Groppel-Klein 2014, p. 47). Helmut Meysenburg also states that emotions not only come from the customer’s personal dynamics, but they sometimes come from the inner excitement created by the elegancy of cars in their qualities, their innovations, and their exteriors and interiors. These techniques have furnished the BMW i3 and the BMWi8. Communicated Brand Image in the Marketing Campaign of the brand BMW I In its initiative of campaigning for the green cars, the BMW Company has its well-communicated green car brand known as the BMW I Series (Pisano Duchemin 2013). Through its strategic plan of delivering state-of-the-art green cars, the BMW I Series is the current brand image that is leading the marketing campaign that several similar companies have designed to enlighten people about the green technology (Pisano Duchemin 2013). The BMW I Series is the already communicated brand image that will carry the intentions and goals of the BMW green technology and the other purposes of modernizing the premium cars. The brand image began in 2013, when the BMW Group, first came up with the idea of designing the BMW i3 green car that enlightened E-car buyers about the modern green tech that brings about sustainability and style (Pisano Duchemin, 2013). Later in the beginning of 2015, BMW Group reinforced its BMW I Series through the release of the BMW i8 vehicle. A Green Branding Approach Definition of Green Branding China is now the leading consumer of the premium cars meant for self-drive because the middle class seems to be growing just as the nation seems to grow economically (Kaigler-Walker Gilbert 2009). Green branding is nowadays a new marketing strategy in which companies are seeking sustainable solutions to the growing environmental problems by producing eco-friendly products. In the automotive industry, green branding may refer to the approaches that the automakers are using to develop new green car models, and emboss features and designs that ensure the cars are less harmful to the environment (Dodson 2012). In green branding, the automakers are nowadays using electric cars that have rechargeable batteries to enable the functioning of the engines without any considerable harm to the atmosphere (Schiffman Kanuk 2004). In another approach to green branding, some companies have designed green cars that are using bio-fuel to reduce environmental harm. Dangers of Greenwashing Although green branding is a global sustainability campaign, people across the world have questions about the behaviours of the firms associated with the green branding strategies (Harris Corner 2011). Even as legit green companies may be sure about their intentions of marketing their green products and services, some companies have also misused the concept of green branding (Futerra.org 2010). Companies use the conc ept of green branding and green tech solutions to persuade buyers to purchase counterfeit green products or simply market their products while using the green branding strategy wrongly (Futerra.org 2010). Amid the growing confusion in the green technology, people are also worried about the inventions of the green technology in which several malice organizations are using the green technology concept to brainwash consumers (Futerra.org 2010). In China, the country is insensitive to the dangers of greenwashing and several marketers are greenwashing the uninformed and vulnerable consumers.  In China, many companies are forging alliances with giant automakers and tech companies to dupe consumers and greenwash them about their green-branded products (Harris Corner 2011). In a study about the dangers of greenwashing, Futerra.org, a leading UK research company dealing with corporate responsibility and sustainability, designed a research that surveyed the levels of greenwashing in the Un ited States, United Kingdom, China, Australia, and France. The research discovered that counterfeit and real companies spent about  £17 million to set up malice advertisements that duped vulnerable consumers about their products (Futerra.org 2010). Among the victimised countries, China appeared to be the most vulnerable country as marketers are not answerable for their misconducts, simply because China is desperate of becoming a giant economy without considering the essence of corporate responsibility and sustainability (Yoo Lee 2009). For the BMW i3 and i8 green cars, several green car imitations might arise in China. Marketing Communications of a Green Brand Most of the green brand strategies use words such as inorganic, recycle, eco-friendly, emissions, environmental harm, reuse, and reduce, in communicating and attracting the consumers who love the green technology products. The E-car market is different on how people perceive the green technology. A study conducted on the Ch inese green technology industry by Janiszewska and Insch (2012) showed that Chinese still live in their traditional culture of collectivism and communicating a green brand may be easy when marketers consider the promotional techniques and advertising methods that reflect the cultural desires of the Chinese consumers. Additionally, social media and digital TV platforms have become relatively familiar with the Chinese consumers and using these platforms would inspire people who love the green technologies in the automotive industry (Janiszewska Insch 2012). Public road tests and free rides are also charitable promotion services that most Chinese admire. Green Brand building of German E-car producers The fact that China is adamant towards the idea of embracing green technology as a solution of eradicating the vice of environmental pollution, several green technology companies have set their targets towards sensitizing the Chinese consumers about the need to embrace green technology in the automobile industry (Anurit, Newman Chansarker 2008). Nonetheless, penetrating into the Chinese electronic car market is never easy for any company as the consumption trends and consumer behaviours of the Chinese E-car users tend to vary from the behaviours and consumption trends of other consumers from the developed and other developing nations (Piron 2000 Bowden 2009). A recent report about the consumption trends of the electronic cars in China from the world’s leading business journal, the Wall Street Journal, shows that despite the government and international automobile companies spending millions of dollars to revamp the Chinese electric-car industry, several buyers are avoiding these clean-tech vehicles. References Aaker, D. 1996, ‘Measuring Brand Equity across Products and Markets’, California Management Review, vol. 38, no. 3, 102-120. Anurit, J., Newman, K. Chansarker, B. 2008, ‘Consumer Behaviour of Luxury Automobiles: A Comparative Study between Thai and UK Customers Perceptions’, Journal of Consumer Marketing Management, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 749-763. Arnold, E. Thompson, C. 2005, ‘Consumer Culture Theory (CCT): Twenty Years of Research’, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 193-219. 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Free Essays on Modern Manifestations

a second, not including the dialogue and music on top of this. There are hundreds of films and programs which use the idea of an individual breaking from the normal to save the day, and in this subtitle I hope to relate the most potent examples I have encountered and judge the significance of Jung to every one. Probably one of the most successful sagas of all time is George Lucas’ â€Å"Star Wars† (in fact in a poll to find the movie of the millennium the first film in the trilogy came top place as Britains favorite film). At first glance the film just seems to follow a young boy Luke Skywalker as he trains to become a Jedi, fight the bad guys and eventually save the universe, but if explored more closely one can find numerous parallels to the ideas behind Jung’s theory of individuation. Firstly as Luke is growing up he is restless but still does not seem to be something special. Finally after meeting a friend of his Fathers his guardians are killed and Luke has to think for himself, immediately choosing to escape and persue training as a Jedi. Jung insisted that the major development only occurred in adult life and one must choose to develop before one can become a successful personality, just as Luke decided. The main opposition to good in the universe is named the â€Å"Empire† and is a collective of planets ... Free Essays on Modern Manifestations Free Essays on Modern Manifestations Modern Manifestations The modern world consists of many different forms of entertainment in which certain ideas and philosophies can be portrayed. They can manifest into literature, painting, sculpture, television and cinema. It is in the last two that I find myself most attracted to as I have always been a big fan of cinematography and, in short, moving pictures. It is said that a picture tells a thousand words, and television and film work on about twenty-five frames a second, thus in a second one experiences about eight different pictures (about 3 frames per shot) which works out via this theory about eight-thousand words a second, not including the dialogue and music on top of this. There are hundreds of films and programs which use the idea of an individual breaking from the normal to save the day, and in this subtitle I hope to relate the most potent examples I have encountered and judge the significance of Jung to every one. Probably one of the most successful sagas of all time is George Lucas†™ â€Å"Star Wars† (in fact in a poll to find the movie of the millennium the first film in the trilogy came top place as Britains favorite film). At first glance the film just seems to follow a young boy Luke Skywalker as he trains to become a Jedi, fight the bad guys and eventually save the universe, but if explored more closely one can find numerous parallels to the ideas behind Jung’s theory of individuation. Firstly as Luke is growing up he is restless but still does not seem to be something special. Finally after meeting a friend of his Fathers his guardians are killed and Luke has to think for himself, immediately choosing to escape and persue training as a Jedi. Jung insisted that the major development only occurred in adult life and one must choose to develop before one can become a successful personality, just as Luke decided. The main opposition to good in the universe is named the â€Å"Empire† and is a collective of planets ...

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies Essay

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies - Essay Example A wide range of products are offered through the McDonalds stores like food items, coffee, soft drinks and other types of beverages (Yahoo Finance, 2012a). The analysis of the competitive business environment of McDonalds would also be discussed in this study. These strategies that are taken up by McDonalds at different levels would be compared and contrasted to help in the overall strategic analysis. Business level strategies A business level strategy can be defined as an action plan that is developed by a business organization which gives a description about the various means through which it would compete in a given industrial or market segment (Ireland, Hoskisson, and Hitt, 2008, p. 88). The primary objective of a business level strategy formulated by any organization is to create increased value for its customers in a consistent manner. There can be five different types of business level strategies that can be employed by an organization. They are: a) Cost leadership, b) Focused cost leadership, c) Differentiation, d) Focused differentiation, and e) Integrated differentiation or cost leadership (Ireland, Hoskisson, and Hitt, 2008, p. 88). The business level strategies employed by McDonalds Corporation have been discussed in this section. ... The business strategy employed by McDonalds is competitive in nature in a number of different categories like quality, price, employee training and management. McDonalds serves its customers globally who are of different ages and comprises of various demographics as well. The company's strategy is to satisfy the needs of its target customers by providing them with good quality food products that are less expensive and in quick time. The company offers different variety of food items to its customers through its restaurants located in different parts of the world. McDonalds operates its business in nearly 119 nations of the world and its strategy is to provide different kinds of products in accordance with the specific needs and wants of people staying in different countries. This type of knowledge base and flexibility of McDonalds helps it to achieve its global objectives and targets and sustain the existing competition in the market. According to Hin (2008), the business structure o f McDonalds has a significant impact on its business strategies. Corporate level strategies In corporate level strategy companies can adopt three types of models. a) Directional Strategy (focusing on growth of the business, managing market share of the company to a stable platform, b) Portfolio Strategy (analyzing market in terms of strength, opportunities, weakness, threats), c) Parenting Strategy (companies transfer resources and maintain workforce in the foreign country). Corporate level strategy is a strategy which is aimed at the long term position of a business. McDonalds operates its business in the global fast food industry. The company has its presence in nearly 119 nations of the world (McDonalds Corporation, 2012). The corporate level strategies of McDonalds are